Spine Evolutions: Biomechanics of Endoscopic vs Open Approaches

Dr. med. Vincent Hagel (Zurich, Switzerland), introduces endoscopic approaches to consider in addition to the standard interlaminar and transforaminal approaches. Dr. Hagel explains that when herniations are migrated upward, an endoscopic translaminar approach can provide improved access to remove the herniation. He also discusses the biomechanical effect of loading different aspects of the spine after these endoscopic approaches.